The DirectX 12 renderer in the engine supports three distinct rendering pipelines: forward rendering, deferred rendering, and a mesh shading pipeline, each tailored for different performance and visual requirements.

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• Forward shading is a straightforward approach where lighting calculations occur per object during rendering. This pipeline is efficient for scenes with limited lights and transparency, making it suitable for simpler environments or objects requiring alpha blending.

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• Deferred shading separates geometry and lighting passes, storing scene data like positions, normals, and material properties in G-buffers. This technique excels in handling complex lighting with numerous dynamic light sources efficiently, at the cost of higher memory usage and limited transparency handling.

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• The mesh shading pipeline leverages mesh shaders and amplification shaders to replace the traditional vertex and geometry shader stages. It introduces a GPU-driven approach for handling culling and instancing directly on the GPU, significantly boosting performance for complex scenes. This pipeline is optimized for handling large numbers of objects and detailed meshes, making it ideal for rendering dense environments with advanced culling techniques like meshlet-based frustum, backface, and occlusion culling.​

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Together, these pipelines offer flexibility and performance optimization for a wide range of scenarios, from simple scenes to highly complex environments.